Private psychiatric practice
with Cabinet for psychotherapy
Dr. Sandic
Tel.: ++ 387 33 645 112
Psychotherapy
How psychotherapy was discovered
Structured psychotherapeutic intervention, that is scientifically formulated dialogue psychiatrist – patient is of a newer date. It is the end of XIX century when contemporary psychotherapeutic approach was formulated in the sense that the therapeutic procedures were firmly defined. This took place in the hospital Salpêtrière in Paris. Namely, professor, neuropsychiatrist, Jean Martin Charcot (1825 – 1893) within Salpêtrière founded the fist neurological clinic on European area in 1882. Although giving significant contributions in the filed of neurological science, Charcot’s use of hypnotherapy in female patients who suffered from hysteria made him much more famous than his achievements in the neurological domain. Considering hysteria a neurologically based disease with genetic background, he used hypnosis to induce the hypnoid state of consciousness in those patients. In this state he used to give them commands aimed to help them get rid of the evident conversive symptomatology, such as hysterical paralysis, blindness etc. His achievements in this field changed French scientific and public attitude that, until his work, underestimated hypnosis as a treatment method. Namely, until Charcot’s work this psychotherapeutic method was rejected and treated as mesmerism. Charcot’s hypnotic method proved to be efficient, and for this reason got introduced in the clinical practice in the leading neuropsychiatrist clinics in Europe of that time. His fame of an excellent professor (at the lectures he held at Salpêtrière he used to present female hysteric patients to the students) attracted students from all over Europe. Some of his students later became famous personalities as Sigmund Freud, Joseph Babinski, Pierre Janet, Georges Gilles de la Tourette, Alfred Binet.
Sigmund Freud, attending the lessons and educative hypnotherapy treatments at Salpêtrière, in the very beginnings of his work with psychiatric patients was enthusiastic about the use of hypnotic treatment. However, during his work he noticed significance of the quality of the dialogue taking place between him and the patient. This dialogue, in the beginning non - structured, with time Freud limited to forty five minutes and named it a ‘session’. Exploring the traits of the psychiatric diseases, spotting certain connections in the mechanism of their genesis as well as the need for a specific method of treatment, he discovered fundaments of psychodynamic theory. It was Sigmund Freud who defined the unconscious, subconscious and conscious constituents of the human psyche. He described their dynamic interrelations responsible for the development of the neurotic disorder. By defining personality instances he divided psychic structure into id, ego and superego. Analyzing dream materials and free associations of his patients, as well as daily lapsuses, he discovered hidden, repressed wishes and fantasies, and the motives who significantly determine human behavior, perception of reality, relationship towards one’s own self and the others. Through the practical work with the patients S. Freud established fundaments of the new psychotherapeutic method, psychoanalysis. He perceived it as the psychotherapeutic technique which employed structured dialogue whose contents was to be analyzed. Following the patient’s rapport while he used to speak of his hardships, by this method the unconscious conflictuos nucleus was uncovered, transference of inadequate attitudes and behaviors of the patient in the relationship towards the therapist, predominantly the ones he once nourished in relationship with the parents. S. Freud accented the necessity to analyze those, as well as the unconscious resistances that inevitably appear in the therapeutic process. However, Freud’s method, since the very beginning until today, remained a privilege of the rich clients.
Length of duration of the psychoanalytic treatment was the key factor that led towards the development of shorter lasting psychotherapeutic techniques, as for example analytically oriented psychotherapy. New socio cultural milieu after the World War II demanded modifications of the classical psychoanalytical approach, as well as introduction of the new psychotherapeutic techniques. This is when the group work techniques started appearing. Furthermore, diversity of the psychic disorders, such as war related PTSP, and of the ones who survived the concentration camps, led towards development of the new psychotherapeutic methods, as gestalt therapy, logotherapy etc.
Due to the contemporary variety of psychotherapeutic approaches, while in attempt to classify them, one encounters certain hardships. However, distinction between analytical and non – analytical psychotherapies is widely accepted in contemporary psychotherapeutic scientific field .
History of psychotherapy
Analytical (psychodynamic) psychotherapies
Non-analytical psychotherapies
Method of active imagination developed by Phyllis Krystal
Structured psychotherapeutic intervention, that is scientifically formulated dialogue psychiatrist – patient is of a newer date. It is the end of XIX century when contemporary psychotherapeutic approach was formulated in the sense that the therapeutic procedures were firmly defined. This took place in the hospital Salpêtrière in Paris. Namely, professor, neuropsychiatrist, Jean Martin Charcot (1825 – 1893) within Salpêtrière founded the fist neurological clinic on European area in 1882. Although giving significant contributions in the filed of neurological science, Charcot’s use of hypnotherapy in female patients who suffered from hysteria made him much more famous than his achievements in the neurological domain. Considering hysteria a neurologically based disease with genetic background, he used hypnosis to induce the hypnoid state of consciousness in those patients. In this state he used to give them commands aimed to help them get rid of the evident conversive symptomatology, such as hysterical paralysis, blindness etc. His achievements in this field changed French scientific and public attitude that, until his work, underestimated hypnosis as a treatment method. Namely, until Charcot’s work this psychotherapeutic method was rejected and treated as mesmerism. Charcot’s hypnotic method proved to be efficient, and for this reason got introduced in the clinical practice in the leading neuropsychiatrist clinics in Europe of that time. His fame of an excellent professor (at the lectures he held at Salpêtrière he used to present female hysteric patients to the students) attracted students from all over Europe. Some of his students later became famous personalities as Sigmund Freud, Joseph Babinski, Pierre Janet, Georges Gilles de la Tourette, Alfred Binet.
Sigmund Freud, attending the lessons and educative hypnotherapy treatments at Salpêtrière, in the very beginnings of his work with psychiatric patients was enthusiastic about the use of hypnotic treatment. However, during his work he noticed significance of the quality of the dialogue taking place between him and the patient. This dialogue, in the beginning non - structured, with time Freud limited to forty five minutes and named it a ‘session’. Exploring the traits of the psychiatric diseases, spotting certain connections in the mechanism of their genesis as well as the need for a specific method of treatment, he discovered fundaments of psychodynamic theory. It was Sigmund Freud who defined the unconscious, subconscious and conscious constituents of the human psyche. He described their dynamic interrelations responsible for the development of the neurotic disorder. By defining personality instances he divided psychic structure into id, ego and superego. Analyzing dream materials and free associations of his patients, as well as daily lapsuses, he discovered hidden, repressed wishes and fantasies, and the motives who significantly determine human behavior, perception of reality, relationship towards one’s own self and the others. Through the practical work with the patients S. Freud established fundaments of the new psychotherapeutic method, psychoanalysis. He perceived it as the psychotherapeutic technique which employed structured dialogue whose contents was to be analyzed. Following the patient’s rapport while he used to speak of his hardships, by this method the unconscious conflictuos nucleus was uncovered, transference of inadequate attitudes and behaviors of the patient in the relationship towards the therapist, predominantly the ones he once nourished in relationship with the parents. S. Freud accented the necessity to analyze those, as well as the unconscious resistances that inevitably appear in the therapeutic process. However, Freud’s method, since the very beginning until today, remained a privilege of the rich clients.
Length of duration of the psychoanalytic treatment was the key factor that led towards the development of shorter lasting psychotherapeutic techniques, as for example analytically oriented psychotherapy. New socio cultural milieu after the World War II demanded modifications of the classical psychoanalytical approach, as well as introduction of the new psychotherapeutic techniques. This is when the group work techniques started appearing. Furthermore, diversity of the psychic disorders, such as war related PTSP, and of the ones who survived the concentration camps, led towards development of the new psychotherapeutic methods, as gestalt therapy, logotherapy etc.
Due to the contemporary variety of psychotherapeutic approaches, while in attempt to classify them, one encounters certain hardships. However, distinction between analytical and non – analytical psychotherapies is widely accepted in contemporary psychotherapeutic scientific field .
History of psychotherapy
Analytical (psychodynamic) psychotherapies
Non-analytical psychotherapies
Method of active imagination developed by Phyllis Krystal