Private psychiatric practice
with Cabinet for psychotherapy
Dr. Sandic
Tel.: ++ 387 33 645 112
Psychotherapy
Analytical (psychodynamic) psychotherapies
a) Psychoanalysis is a method of work that employs, specifically, the following maneuvers: confrontation, clarification, interpretation and perlaboration (‘working through’). Confrontation is the first step in analysis of the psychopathological phenomena expressed on a side of the client. By this maneuver conflictious content is presented to the client in a clear way, thus recognizable to his conscious ego. Clarification is based on certain maneuvers performed on a side of the therapist by which observed psychopathological phenomenon is being set in a sharp focus (of the client). The third step while analyzing is named interpretation. This procedure sets an essential difference between psychoanalysis and analytical psychotherapeutic techniques, and the non – analytical ones on the other side. Namely, by interpretation given from the therapist the client becomes aware of his infantile drives/impulses, as well as infantile banning. This is how by the use of interpretation a given unconscious phenomenon (infantile wishes of the Id, that is the drives containing unconscious personality stratum, and bans originating from the infantile stratum of Superego, the moral instance) becomes conscious and thus recognizable to the client. This maneuver is condensed in Sigmund Freud’s remark : “Where was Id let there be Ego”. Final procedure of analyzing is represented with perlaboration. This means that using the client’s material that he brings to each session, again and again his unconscious resistances are to be worked through, as they often obstruct the progress of the therapy. Getting rid of the neurotic conflict patient is in a position of being able to find and employ healthier ways of functioning in daily life.
b) Psychoanalytically orientated (expressive) psychotherapy its method of work based on the essentials of the psychoanalytical theory. Essential difference between the two is that by employment of psychoanalytically orientated psychotherapy somewhat more modest aims are reached. Expressive psychotherapy is also susceptible for conductment in a wider population. Compared to classical psychoanalytic method, it is conducted on a less frequent basis (one, two or three times a week, while psychoanalytical treatment takes part each day). Psychoanalytically oriented technique is designed that way that the client is encouraged to take significantly more active attitude than in psychoanalysis. Maneuvers employed are exactly the same as in classical psychoanalytic work.
c) Brief dynamic psychotherapy is a demanding therapeutic procedure. The work focuses on the patient’s conflict or a certain situation, that are then to be analysed. This psychotherapeutic maneuver was introduced by D.H.Malan and framed it in ten sessions. Yet, there are still some psychotherapists that consider that for the full effect of this kind of treatment twenty to thirty sessions are necessary. It is important to note that before the brief dynamic psychotherapy treatment is to be conducted, it is necessary to have full results of comprehensive psychological tests such as ego strengths, ego defense mechanisms etc.
d) Group analysis was founded on psychoanalytical theoretical postulates by S.H. Foulkes. Analytical procedure is performed in a group consisting six to eight clients (small group), ten to fifteen clients (middle sized group) and in a group that amounts to more than fifteen patients (large group). Basis precondition for this type of psychotherapeutic treatment is the foundation of the group matrix, a net of interpersonal relations of mutual reactions of the group members. Group analysis is performed in the way that the group as a whole is being analyzed, but it is also possible to do analysis of a specific group member.
e) Family psychotherapy is performed in a manner that with the therapist’s help family members face the present, mutual and inappropriate behavioral patterns, which they nourish weather on conscious or unconscious level. At the same time during this process new patterns of interpersonal relationships are explored and support is to be provided while family members engage in adapting them. Family psychotherapy can be done on the basis of psychoanalytically orientated psychotherapy, theory of object relations and communication theory.
f) Analytical psychodrama is a psychotherapeutic method created by J. L. Moreno. Client is to be given a certain role which he is supposed to play with the aim to face his psychopathology. Session last 20 minutes. Therapist is mainly passive.
g) Suggestive psychotherapies employ maneuvers that are, in a wider sense, used during each psychiatric intervention. Patient’s regressive position is provoked on a side of his psychic disorder. Feeling endangered, he always feels himself to be more or less infantile. This is why he has an urge to view the therapist as an adult, representation of a parental image, that is supposed to protect him. For this reason essential trait of suggestive psychotherapies is the suggestive action performed on a side of the therapist.
Within the suggestive psychotherapies, the following can be distinguished:
'Covered' suggestion is performed in a hidden manner. Psychiatrist, psychotherapist, uses it always while prescribing a medicament. Namely, through a feedback that he expresses towards the patient’s suffering, by prescribing the chosen medicament he also ‘prescribes himself’. It must not be forgotten that the patient often on the subconscious level identifies medicament with the physician.
Hypnotherapy is used to reveal the psychopathological symptoms by inducing the client’s hypnoid state of consciousness. While a client is in this state he is given certain commands. Their effects lead to repression of the symptoms that brought client to the treatment. However, as the conflicts are not resolved, chances for their eruption in the conscious personality stratum manifested in the form of various symptoms are always present. Thus this burst out can be expressed by similar, or completely different clinical manifestations.
Autogenic training (AT) is grouped together with other suggestive techniques, but also within the frame of deep relaxation methods. In is based on the client’s passive concentration on a set of body sensation. In the beginning those are dictated on a side of the therapist. While practicing AT client is being taught how to independently master reaching the autogenic state. This is when the client is able to performs this technique without therapist’s help. Namely, being in autogenic state, characterized by slightly different state of consciousness than in ordinary awake state, person is able to comprehend and then reshape certain personal contents and traits. This refers to the ones who, to a higher or lesser degree, disturb his healthier daily functioning. This is facilitated by the practice of given mental formulas.
Supportive - verbal psychotherapy is based on a spectrum of suggestive maneuvers addressed towards the patient. This is what is considered supportive psychotherapy in the purer form. Maneuvers used in this therapeutic procedure are: confrontation, clarification and working through. This psychotherapeutic treatment is designed in order to strengthen client’s healthy ego functioning (healthy ego defense mechanisms in particular).
History of psychotherapy
Analytical (psychodynamic) psychotherapies
Non-analytical psychotherapies
Method of active imagination developed by Phyllis Krystal
a) Psychoanalysis is a method of work that employs, specifically, the following maneuvers: confrontation, clarification, interpretation and perlaboration (‘working through’). Confrontation is the first step in analysis of the psychopathological phenomena expressed on a side of the client. By this maneuver conflictious content is presented to the client in a clear way, thus recognizable to his conscious ego. Clarification is based on certain maneuvers performed on a side of the therapist by which observed psychopathological phenomenon is being set in a sharp focus (of the client). The third step while analyzing is named interpretation. This procedure sets an essential difference between psychoanalysis and analytical psychotherapeutic techniques, and the non – analytical ones on the other side. Namely, by interpretation given from the therapist the client becomes aware of his infantile drives/impulses, as well as infantile banning. This is how by the use of interpretation a given unconscious phenomenon (infantile wishes of the Id, that is the drives containing unconscious personality stratum, and bans originating from the infantile stratum of Superego, the moral instance) becomes conscious and thus recognizable to the client. This maneuver is condensed in Sigmund Freud’s remark : “Where was Id let there be Ego”. Final procedure of analyzing is represented with perlaboration. This means that using the client’s material that he brings to each session, again and again his unconscious resistances are to be worked through, as they often obstruct the progress of the therapy. Getting rid of the neurotic conflict patient is in a position of being able to find and employ healthier ways of functioning in daily life.
b) Psychoanalytically orientated (expressive) psychotherapy its method of work based on the essentials of the psychoanalytical theory. Essential difference between the two is that by employment of psychoanalytically orientated psychotherapy somewhat more modest aims are reached. Expressive psychotherapy is also susceptible for conductment in a wider population. Compared to classical psychoanalytic method, it is conducted on a less frequent basis (one, two or three times a week, while psychoanalytical treatment takes part each day). Psychoanalytically oriented technique is designed that way that the client is encouraged to take significantly more active attitude than in psychoanalysis. Maneuvers employed are exactly the same as in classical psychoanalytic work.
c) Brief dynamic psychotherapy is a demanding therapeutic procedure. The work focuses on the patient’s conflict or a certain situation, that are then to be analysed. This psychotherapeutic maneuver was introduced by D.H.Malan and framed it in ten sessions. Yet, there are still some psychotherapists that consider that for the full effect of this kind of treatment twenty to thirty sessions are necessary. It is important to note that before the brief dynamic psychotherapy treatment is to be conducted, it is necessary to have full results of comprehensive psychological tests such as ego strengths, ego defense mechanisms etc.
d) Group analysis was founded on psychoanalytical theoretical postulates by S.H. Foulkes. Analytical procedure is performed in a group consisting six to eight clients (small group), ten to fifteen clients (middle sized group) and in a group that amounts to more than fifteen patients (large group). Basis precondition for this type of psychotherapeutic treatment is the foundation of the group matrix, a net of interpersonal relations of mutual reactions of the group members. Group analysis is performed in the way that the group as a whole is being analyzed, but it is also possible to do analysis of a specific group member.
e) Family psychotherapy is performed in a manner that with the therapist’s help family members face the present, mutual and inappropriate behavioral patterns, which they nourish weather on conscious or unconscious level. At the same time during this process new patterns of interpersonal relationships are explored and support is to be provided while family members engage in adapting them. Family psychotherapy can be done on the basis of psychoanalytically orientated psychotherapy, theory of object relations and communication theory.
f) Analytical psychodrama is a psychotherapeutic method created by J. L. Moreno. Client is to be given a certain role which he is supposed to play with the aim to face his psychopathology. Session last 20 minutes. Therapist is mainly passive.
g) Suggestive psychotherapies employ maneuvers that are, in a wider sense, used during each psychiatric intervention. Patient’s regressive position is provoked on a side of his psychic disorder. Feeling endangered, he always feels himself to be more or less infantile. This is why he has an urge to view the therapist as an adult, representation of a parental image, that is supposed to protect him. For this reason essential trait of suggestive psychotherapies is the suggestive action performed on a side of the therapist.
Within the suggestive psychotherapies, the following can be distinguished:
'Covered' suggestion is performed in a hidden manner. Psychiatrist, psychotherapist, uses it always while prescribing a medicament. Namely, through a feedback that he expresses towards the patient’s suffering, by prescribing the chosen medicament he also ‘prescribes himself’. It must not be forgotten that the patient often on the subconscious level identifies medicament with the physician.
Hypnotherapy is used to reveal the psychopathological symptoms by inducing the client’s hypnoid state of consciousness. While a client is in this state he is given certain commands. Their effects lead to repression of the symptoms that brought client to the treatment. However, as the conflicts are not resolved, chances for their eruption in the conscious personality stratum manifested in the form of various symptoms are always present. Thus this burst out can be expressed by similar, or completely different clinical manifestations.
Autogenic training (AT) is grouped together with other suggestive techniques, but also within the frame of deep relaxation methods. In is based on the client’s passive concentration on a set of body sensation. In the beginning those are dictated on a side of the therapist. While practicing AT client is being taught how to independently master reaching the autogenic state. This is when the client is able to performs this technique without therapist’s help. Namely, being in autogenic state, characterized by slightly different state of consciousness than in ordinary awake state, person is able to comprehend and then reshape certain personal contents and traits. This refers to the ones who, to a higher or lesser degree, disturb his healthier daily functioning. This is facilitated by the practice of given mental formulas.
Supportive - verbal psychotherapy is based on a spectrum of suggestive maneuvers addressed towards the patient. This is what is considered supportive psychotherapy in the purer form. Maneuvers used in this therapeutic procedure are: confrontation, clarification and working through. This psychotherapeutic treatment is designed in order to strengthen client’s healthy ego functioning (healthy ego defense mechanisms in particular).
History of psychotherapy
Analytical (psychodynamic) psychotherapies
Non-analytical psychotherapies
Method of active imagination developed by Phyllis Krystal